LESSON 9 : VARIOUS SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE PREVAILENT IN THE WORLD
World has more than 200 independent countries and no two countrries have the same system of governance. There is a variation to a lessaer or greater extent. However, all these governments can be grouped into following thirteen types of governance system:-
1. PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS WITHOUT A PRIME MINISTER. A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch is led by a president who serves as both head of state and head of government. In such a system, this branch exists separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which it cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss. Example: USA.
2. PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS WITH A PRIME MINISTER. A presidential system with a prime Minister is a system of government where an executive branch is led by a president who is assisted in its function by a Prime minister and his Ministers who are appointed by president and ratified by Legislature. If the Legislature does not approve the Prime Minister up till laid down number of times, the President may dissolve the Legislature and order fresh elections. Example: Russia.
3. SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS. In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister. Example: France.
4. DIRECTORIAL SYSTEMS. The directorial system is the collective version of the presidential system. In a directorial republic a council jointly exercises both presidential and governmental powers. The council is appointed by the parliament (and democratically elected at local level), but it is not subject to political confidence during its term which has a fixed duration. Example: Switzerland.
5. PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLICS. A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (e.g. Pakistan) to little (e.g. India) or none at all (e.g. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead. Example: India.
6. MIXED REPUBLICAN SYSTEMS. A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature; however they are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term (although their cabinet is). Example: South Africa.
7. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES WITH CEREMONIAL MONARCHS. Constitutional monarchies are those governance systems in which prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence. The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives. Examples: UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
8. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES WITH ACTIVE MONARCHS. The prime minister is the nation's active executive but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion. Examples: Jordan, UAE, etc.
9. ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES. Monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law are known as Absolute Monarchies. Example: Saudi Arabia.
10. THEOCRACIES. States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy. Example: Vatican City, Iran.
11. SINGLE POLITICAL MOVEMENT STATES. States in which political power is by law concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (as opposed to states where the law establishes a multi-party system but this fusion is not achieved anyway through electoral fraud or simple inertia). However, some do have elected governments. Example: China.
12. MILITARY JUNTA STATES. The nation's military control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy. Example : Myanmar (till sometime back).
13. TRANSITIONAL. States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are classified with the current direction of change are classified as transitional. Recent past examples: Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Afghanistan, and possibly ISIS, etc.
India is a parliamentary republic. It has just four options to evaluate if it wants to switch over to any other system of governance, viz; Presidential Democracy without a Prime Minister as in USA, Presidential Democracy with a Prime Minister as in Russia, Quasi-Presidential Democracy as in France, or Mixed Republican system as in South Africa. The most effective separation of legislature and executive is achieved only in the Presidential Democracy without a Prime Minister. It affords maximum checks and balances in any democratic system and hence the SAINIK SAMAJ PARTY advocates the Presidential Democracy without a Prime Minister.
Balbir Singh Parmar
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